Steam-turbine.



No. 801,293. PATBNTTD ocT.1o,19o5. G. ZAHTKJANZ. STEAM TURBINE.

APPLICATION-FILED AUG. 31.1903.

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` N0-801,293. PATENTBD 00T. 1o, 1905.

G. ZAHIKJANZ, l STEAM TURBINE.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 31.1903.

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GABRIEL ZAHIKJANZ, OF BERLIN, GERMANY, ASSIGNOR TO BERGMANN ELEKTRIOITTS IVERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, OF BERLIN, GER- MANY, A CORPORATION OF GERMANY.

STEAM-TURBINE.

Specication of Letters Patent.

Patented Oct. 10, 1905.

Application iiled August 3l, 1903. Serial No. 171,461-

To 1J/ whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, GABRIEL ZAHIKJANZ, a subject of the Emperor oi' Russia, and a resident of Berlin, in the Empire of Germany, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Turbines, ot' which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to turbines, particularly of the class in which two members are employed, one rotatable relatively to the other and each provided with channels which together form a spiral path for the driving medium.

The object oi' my present invention is to improve the construction of a turbine of the class and also to prevent as far as possible a leakage of the steam or other medium from one channel to the next.

The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the features of novelty will be pointed out in the appended claims.

Figure 1 is a cross-section of a portion of the rotary turbine member. Fig. 2 is a section thereof on line 2 2 of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a sectional view oi' the rotary turbine member constructed in a diii'erent manner. Fig. 4 is a sectional view on line 4 4 otl Fig. 3. Figs. 5 and 6 are a sectional and a face View, respectively, of the blade used in the construction shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 7 is a sectional view of one of the blades used in the construction illustrated by Figs. 3 and 4. Figs. 8 and 9 are sectional elevations on line 8 8 of Fig. 9 and line 9 9 ot' Fig. 8, respectively, showing a turbine with a rotary member and a stationary member constructed in the manner illustrated by Figs. 3 and 4. Figs. lO and 11 are sectional elevations on line 10 10 of Fig. 11 and line 11 11 of Fig. 10, respectively, showing a turbine with two series of channels and provided with means for preventing leakage. Figs. 12 and 13 are sectional views illustrating two other kinds of packings to prevent leakage. Fig. 14 shows, in section, a turbine with a double series of windings having' different means as a protection against leakage; and Fig. 15 is an enlarged view of a portion of the packing device shown in Fig. 14.

Turbines of the class to which my invention relates primarily generally comprise a stationary member and a rotary member. At

their adjacent faces these two members are provided with channels adapted to register with each other, U-shaped, as shown, Jfor instance, in Figs. 9 and 14. Fliese U-shaped channels are so arranged as to form together a spiral path through which the steam or other medium may travel around the axis of the turbine. cording to my present invention by means of U-shaped blades having lateral walls so disposed that the walls of adjacent blades will touch each other and form U-sliaped channels. These blades are disposed within an annular casing, which I then cover with an annular lid. The space between the walls of the casing and the blades I then -iill up with molten metal the melting-point of which is lower than that of the substance of which the blades are made and higher than that of the driving medium.

Instead of pouring in molten metal I may employ a metal ring, filling' the spaces between the casing and the blades partly or entirely in which case the blades would straddle the metal ring. Further, with a view to eX- actness and stability oi' location the blades are provided with lateral projections that iit into slits made at the periphery oi' the casing and of its lid or preferably of two separate lateral rings. The series of channels thus composed oi' blades fitted to the middle ring and to the two side rings is put into the annular casing aforesaid and is firmly inclosed by means of the lid, after which the interstices between the blades and the casing are iilled up with a suitable hardening substance. While the U-shaped blades may be provided with side walls in various ways, I prefer to make such side walls integral with the blades, which may be done by stamping the blade and its side walls out oi' a single piece of metal, so as to give it substantially the shape of a Z in cross-section. The bends may run at right angles to the bladeor substantially in the arc of a circle the center of which is on the axis of the turbine. In therlatter case it will be easy to fit the casing and the middle ring to the blades without the use of any lill- The channels are formed ac- IOO ing except that the joints of the series of bent at right angles to the main portion of the blade, thus giving each blade a Z-shaped cross-section, as shown in Figs. 2 and 5. It will be seen that the blades engage each other and form U-shaped channels. These blades straddle the middle ring CZ and are provided with projections j', extending into slits g, provided on the lateral rings e. If desired, the blades may be riveted to the lateral rings by means of flanges. Having thus formed a series of channels by engaging the blades i with the middle ring Z and the side rings e, I put the whole structure into the casing 7), which is substantially L-shaped in cross-section, as shown in Fig. l. Then the lid c is screwed down and the intervals between the casing and lid and the blades are filled with any suitable hardening substance, such as molten metal, cement, or the like. l

In Figs. 3, 4L, and 7 the blades a are substantially ofI the same construction as in Figs.

l, 2, 5, and 6; but their lateral fianges insteadr of projecting' at right angles to the main portion of the blade are arranged flush with each other, so as to practically form a cylindrical surface the axis of which coincides with the turbine-axis. The middle ring d and side rings e are of' the same construction as hereinbefore described, but no filling /L need be applied except at the joints of the blades, the inner flanges engaging the casing b and the lid c directly.

Figs. l to 7 illustrate the construction of the channels for the rotary member, such as A of Figs. 8 and 9; but it will be understood that the channels for the stationary outer member B may be constructed in an exactly analogous manner. In Figs. 8 and 9 the guide and rotary channels are constructed after the manner illustrated in detail by Figs. 3, 4, and 7. Only one series of windings-- that is, one spiral path-is shown in these views; but a plurality of them may be ernployed, if desired, by simply duplicating the construction shown in Fig. 9 and connecting the outlet of one series of windings with the inlet of the other, or, if desired, each series may be connected independently with the source of steam-supply. Instead of employing a separate casing b with a lid c to hold the series of blades and setting such casing and lid within the frames C C of the inner and outer turbine members the frames of the turbine members may be formed directly as casings to receive the series of blades. In many cases it is desirable to progressively widen the steam-path, so as to secure an expansion effect. Inasmuch as the stamping of wide channels presents practical difficulties I prefer to make all stampings of the same size. The channels of the rotary member A will be of the same size throughout. The channels of the stationary or guide member, however, will be divided into groups. In the first group, reaching from the inlet to the point marked 1, the stationary channels will be exactly the same as the rotary channels. From the point marked l to the point marked 2 each guide-channel is double, so that the steam passes through two channels, each of the same area as one channel of the first portion of the turbine. Finally from the point 2 to the outlet or exhaust the steam is madeto traverse triple channelwindings. With this arrangement one set of dies will suflice for stamping the stationary blades and one set of dies for the rotary blades, and, furthermore, the slits y will be evenly spaced throughout. I may here remark that, if desired, the middle ring (l may also be provided with slits corresponding to those lettered g for the purpose of better holding the blades in position.

In the case of U-shaped blades of Z-shaped cross-section with side walls forming a continuous annular surface around the axis of the channel-ring the outer side walls of the blades may be made narrower than necessary and the inner side walls may be entirely left off, the functions of the parts omitted being in this case performed by the inner surface of the casing and of its lid on the one hand and by the outer surface of the middle ring on the other hand. In such a case the channels ean be easily widened as 'far as needed. They have, however, not the advantage of channels with walls entirely composed of blades as above. Further, to form U-shaped channels there maybe used blades of U-shaped cross-section by covering them with plain U- shaped blades and arranging them within a casing. rlhey offer, however, many practical disadvantages, while U-shaped blades of Z- shaped cross-section answer their purpose perfectly.

By the method above described and illustrated the construction of the spiral path is extremely simplified. The channel-wal ls may be made quite smooth, so as to offer very little resistance to the driving medium, while the ch annels may be manufactured with mathematical precision and of a suitable durable metal, as bronze, independently from the remaining body of the turbine. The steam traversing the spiral path has to cross repeatedly the annular gap between the guideand rotary channels and is consequently subject to leak- This is mainly due to faulty design well as to imperfect manufacture. By making the channel-walls smooth and by giving them proper dimensions as well suitably narrowing and widening, respectively, the inlets and outlets of the channels it is possible to cause the steam-current to leap from channel to channel without any leakage. However, to prevent any loss of steam by leakage, I protect the spiral steam-path at the annular gap by rings forming passages, repeatedly interrupted, at both sides 'of the channel-ring, and if I should judge it necessary between the IOO TIO

inlets and outlets of the same. Hereby the stray steam is repeatedly reflected back and leakage is prevented, the arrangement being similar to that of piston-rings, yet without any contact taking place between the moving parts, and besides the rings are fastened adjustably and tightly to the rotary wheel and guide-wheel, respectively.

Figs. l0 and 11 show a steam-turbine with two spiral paths'running side by lside. The inlets and outlets of the channels are separated and protected from the outside air and from each other by means of rings fitted firmly and tightly to the guide-wheel and forming with the rotary wheel a passage repeatedly interrupted in the shape of a Z. The outer rings at both sides of the turbine are of one piece each, and the inner rings fastened to the guidewheel of two parts each. rIhe outer protective rings may be replaced or reinforced by the radial plain and compound protective devices respeetively shown in'Figs. l2 and 13. These radial devices have the advantage of checking the stray steam by centrifugal force also.

Fig. 14 shows a steam-turbine the spiral paths of which are separated and protected from the outside air by a device that may be easily iitted and adjusted. The same shown in Fig. l5, upon a larger scale, consists of two annular frames comprisinga plurality of rings of Z-shaped section and forming together a passage repeatedly interrupted in the shape of a U. This device is tted into an annular groove provided between the guide-wheel and the rotary wheel, and after being suitably adjusted is screwed, respectively, to the guidewheel and rotary wheel. The inner packing device that separates the two spiral paths from each other consists of two solid rings, forming together a passage repeatedly interrupted in the shape of a U, the one ring being screwed tightly to the rotary wheel and the other,

vwhich is of two parts, to the guide-wheel.

wide rates of expansion within a single turbine. Particularly when using a condenser it is of great advantage to use together two turbines-one for high pressure and the other for low pressure-thus, for instance, instead of using a single turbine with one-hundred-fold expansion to use two turbines with ten-fold expansion each. By such an arrangement, by making the steam-path accurate and as correct as possible, and, on the other hand, by preventing any leakage, the eiiciency of the best reciprocating engines can be excelled.

The turbine above described is intended principally for steam, but may be driven by any other suitable medium, as gases, fluids, vapor, and the like.

What I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-- l. In a turbine, a ring of U-shaped channels having blades adapted to form together the separating-walls as well as the side walls of the U-shaped channels, an annular casing within which said blades are placed, a suitable lid for said casing, and a hardening substance filling the spaces between the blades and the casing.

2.- In a turbine, a ring of U-shaped channels provided with U-shaped blades Z-shaped in cross-section and adapted to form together separating-walls as well as the side walls of the U-shaped channels, a middle ring `straddled by said blades, and lateral rings having slits engaged by projections on the plates, in combination with an annular casing containing said ring of channels and an annular lid for said casing.

3. In a steam-turbine, two members, one rotatable relatively to the other, each provided with U-shaped channelswhich together form a spiral steam-path, in combination with rings forming baiile-passages adjacent to the inlet and outlet of the driving medium.

4. In a turbine two members, one rotatable relatively to the other and each provided with channels adapted to form together a spiral path for the driving medium, in combination with leakage-preventing rings arranged adjacent to the steam-inlet and steam-outlet, and adjustably carried by said members.

5. In a turbine, two members, one rotatable relatively to the other and each provided with channels adapted to form together a spiral path for the driving medium, in combination with leakage-preventing rings arranged adjacent to the steam-inlet and steam-outlet, and adjustably carried by said members, the leakagepreventing ring which is secured to theinner member being constructed of separable parts.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

GABRIEL ZAHIKJ ANZ.

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